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Mongodb分片原理详解及架构部署-创新互联

分片技术解决的需求痛点

(1)高数据量和吞吐量的数据库应用会对单机的性能造成较大压力;

(2)大的查询量会将单机的CPU耗尽;

(3)大的数据量对单机的存储压力较大,最终会耗尽系统的内存而将压力转移到键盘IO上

何为分片?

MongoDB分片技术是使用多个服务器存储数据的方法,以支持巨大的数据存储和对数据的操作。当MongoDB存储海量的数据时,一台机器可能不足以存储数据,也可能不足以提供可接受的读写吞吐量。这时,我们就可以通过在多台机器上分割数据,使得数据库系统能存储和处理更多的数据。

MongoDB分片结构

下图展示了MongoDB分片集群结构组成分布:

Mongodb分片原理详解及架构部署

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上图中主要有如下所述三个主要组件:

  • Shard:分片服务器,

用于存储实际的数据块,实际生产环境中一个shard server角色可由几台机器组个一个replica set承担,防止主机单点故障

  • Config Server:配置服务器,

mongod实例,存储了整个 分片群集的配置信息,其中包括 chunk信息。

  • Query Routers:前端路由,

客户端由此接入,且让整个集群看上去像单一数据库,前端应用可以透明使用

MongoDB分片优势:

  • 减少单个分片需要处理的请求数,提高群集的存储容量和吞吐量

比如,当插入一条数据时,应用只需要访问存储这条数据的分片

  • 减少单分片存储的数据,提高数据可用性,提高大型数据库查询服务的性能。

当MongoDB单点数据库服务器存储和性能成为瓶颈,或者需要部署大型应用以充分利用内存时,可以使用分片技术

分片群集简单部署:

下面介绍如何在一台CentOS7系统的物理服务器上部署一个简单结构的MongoDB分片集群 。

  • 1台路由实例(端口 27017)

  • 1台配置实例(端口 37017)

  • 2台分片实例(端口 47017, 47018)

本次实验使用手工编译安装mongodb,

百度网盘免费提供安装包:

https://pan.baidu.com/s/1bZXJDBrn9qxBF6r6IF_aLQ

具体步骤如下:

  • 安装支持的软件,解压准备好的MongoDB软件包,注意:本次安装是在64位Linux系统上

yum install openssl-devel -y

tar zxvf mongodb-linux-x86_64-3.2.1.tgz -C /opt/

mv mongodb-linux-x86_64-3.2.1/ /usr/local/mongodb

  • 创建MongoDB四个实例的数据存储目录,日志存储目录/data/logs,日志文件,并修改权限

mkdir -p /data/mongodb/mongodb{1,2,3,4}

mkdir /data/logs

touch /data/logs/mongodb{1,2,3,4}.log

chmod -R 777 /data/logs/*.log

  • 针对MongoDB服务进行Linux系统内核调优

ulimit -n 25000 #大文件 数

ulimit -u 25000 #大进程数

  • 某节点内存不足时,从其他节点分配内存

sysctl -w vm.zone_reclaim_mode=0            #永久设置
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled
echo never > /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag

ln -s /usr/local/mongodb/bin/* /usr/bin/          #方便服务管理

部署配置服务器

  • 编辑mongodb1.conf配置文件,端口号为37017,设置configsvr=true,启动配置服务器


    cd /usr/local/mongodb/bin/

vim mongodb1.conf

port=37017     #指定服务端口
dbpath=/data/mongodb/mongodb1   #数据存储目录
logpath=/data/logs/mongodb1.log       #日志文件
logappend=true          #使用追加方式写日志
fork=true                      #后台运行
maxConns=5000              #设定大同时连接数,默认为2000
storageEngine=mmapv1       #指定存储引擎为内存映射文件
configsvr=true       #配置服务

  • 启动配置服务,并进入,可看到配置服务前缀为”configsvr>“,

[root@localhost bin]# mongod -f mongodb1.conf         #启动配置服务器
about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections.
forked process: 12594
child process started successfully, parent exiting
[root@localhost bin]# mongo --port 37017         #进入服务
MongoDB shell version: 3.2.1
connecting to: 127.0.0.1:37017/test
Server has startup warnings:
2018-09-15T04:39:24.967+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten]
2018-09-15T04:39:24.967+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] ** WARNING: Readahead for /data/mongodb1 is set to 4096KB
2018-09-15T04:39:24.967+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] **         We suggest setting it to 256KB (512 sectors) or less
2018-09-15T04:39:24.967+0800 I STORAGE [initandlisten] **         http://dochub.mongodb.org/core/readahead
2018-09-15T04:39:25.828+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] ** WARNING: You are running this process as the root user, which is not recommended.
2018-09-15T04:39:25.828+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten]
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten]
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] ** WARNING: /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled is 'always'.
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] **       We suggest setting it to 'never'
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten]
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] ** WARNING: /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag is 'always'.
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten] **       We suggest setting it to 'never'
2018-09-15T04:39:25.829+0800 I CONTROL [initandlisten]
configsvr>

部署分片服务器

  • 编辑mongodb2.conf配置文件,端口号为47017,设置shardsvr=true,

vim mongodb2.conf

port=47017
dbpath=/data/mongodb/mongodb2
logpath=/data/logs/mongodb2.log
logappend=true
fork=true
maxConns=5000
storageEngine=mmapv1
shardsvr=true

  • 同样编辑mongodb3.conf配置文件,端口号为47018,

vim mongodb3.conf

port=47018
dbpath=/data/mongodb/mongodb3
logpath=/data/logs/mongodb3.log
logappend=true
fork=true
maxConns=5000
storageEngine=mmapv1
shardsvr=true

  • 启动两个分片服务器

[root@localhost bin]# mongod -f mongodb2.conf
about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections.
forked process: 12810
child process started successfully, parent exiting
[root@localhost bin]# mongod -f mongodb3.conf
about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections.
forked process: 12825
child process started successfully, parent exiting

启动路由服务器

  • 通过./mongos --help命令可以查看启动路由相关参数信息。chunkSize为数据块大小,默认为200MB,为了便于测试这里将值设置为1

[root@localhost bin]# ./mongos --port 27017 --fork --logpath=/usr/local/mongodb/bin/route.log --configdb 192.168.30.55:37017 --chunkSize 1
2018-09-15T05:03:06.217+0800 W SHARDING [main] Running a sharded cluster with fewer than 3 config servers should only be done for testing purposes and is not recommended for production.
about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections.
forked process: 12934
child process started successfully, parent exiting

启用分片服务器

  • 连接到路由实例后,可以通过sh.status()命令查看分片状态信息

[root@localhost bin]# mongo           #进入路由实例
MongoDB shell version: 3.2.1
connecting to: test
Server has startup warnings:
2018-09-15T16:00:19.746+0800 I CONTROL [main] ** WARNING: You are running this process as the root user, which is not recommended.
2018-09-15T16:00:19.746+0800 I CONTROL [main]
mongos> sh.status()
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
  shards:                       #shards下为空,没有分片服务器
 active mongoses:
   "3.2.1" : 1
 balancer:
   Currently enabled: yes
   Currently running: no
   Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0
   Migration Results for the last 24 hours:
       No recent migrations
 databases:

  • 通过sh.addShard命令添加两个分片服务器,

mongos> sh.addShard("192.168.30.55:47017")
{ "shardAdded" : "shard0000", "ok" : 1 }
mongos> sh.addShard("192.168.30.55:47018")
{ "shardAdded" : "shard0001", "ok" : 1 }

  • 再次查看分片信息,可以看到shards:选项下已经显示刚刚添加的分片服务器


mongos> sh.status()
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
  shards:
   { "_id" : "shard0000", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47017" }
   { "_id" : "shard0001", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47018" }
 active mongoses:
   "3.2.1" : 1
 balancer:
   Currently enabled: yes
   Currently running: no
   Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0
   Migration Results for the last 24 hours:
       No recent migrations
 databases:

实现分片功能

  • 添加两个分片服务器后,数据库和集合还未启用分片

mongos> show dbs
config 0.031GB
mongos> use school         #进入并创建数据库school
switched to db school
mongos> for (var i=1;i<=50000;i++)db.info.insert({"id":i,"name":"tom"+i})          #创建集合info,并使用循环插入50000条数据

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

  • 使用sh.enableSharding("school")命令启用school数据库分片

mongos> sh.enableSharding("school")           
{ "ok" : 1 }

  • 针对info集合创建索引

mongos> db.info.createIndex({"id":1})
{
   "raw" : {
       "192.168.30.55:47017" : {
           "createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
           "numIndexesBefore" : 1,
           "numIndexesAfter" : 2,
           "ok" : 1
       }
   },
   "ok" : 1
}

  • 使用sh.shardCollection("school.info",{"id":1})命令对集合info进行分片

mongos> sh.shardCollection("school.info",{"id":1})
{ "collectionsharded" : "school.info", "ok" : 1 }

  • 查看分片信息


mongos> sh.status()
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
  shards:                             
   { "_id" : "shard0000", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47017" }             #两个分片服务器信息
   { "_id" : "shard0001", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47018" }
 active mongoses:
   "3.2.1" : 1
 balancer:
   Currently enabled: yes
   Currently running: no
   Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0
   Migration Results for the last 24 hours:
       5 : Success
  databases:
   { "_id" : "school", "primary" : "shard0000", "partitioned" : true }            #数据库school的分片信息
       school.info
           shard key: { "id" : 1 }
           unique: false
           balancing: true
          chunks:                              #可以看到chunks均匀分布到两个分片上
               shard0000   6
               shard0001   5
           { "id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "id" : 4682 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(2, 0)
           { "id" : 4682 } -->> { "id" : 9364 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(3, 0)
           { "id" : 9364 } -->> { "id" : 14046 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(4, 0)
           { "id" : 14046 } -->> { "id" : 18728 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(5, 0)
           { "id" : 18728 } -->> { "id" : 23410 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(6, 0)
           { "id" : 23410 } -->> { "id" : 28092 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(6, 1)
           { "id" : 28092 } -->> { "id" : 32774 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 6)
           { "id" : 32774 } -->> { "id" : 37456 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 7)
           { "id" : 37456 } -->> { "id" : 42138 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 8)
           { "id" : 42138 } -->> { "id" : 46820 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 9)
           { "id" : 46820 } -->> { "id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 10)

  • 添加标签

mongos> sh.addShardTag("shard0000","abc01")
mongos> sh.addShardTag("shard0001","abc02")

mongos> sh.status()
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
  shards:
   { "_id" : "shard0000", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47017", "tags" : [ "abc01" ] }
   { "_id" : "shard0001", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47018", "tags" : [ "abc02" ] }

MongoDB分片服务器管理

  • 根据需求可以添加或删除sharding server。

[root@localhost bin]# cp mongodb3.conf mongodb4.conf
[root@localhost bin]# vim mongodb4.conf

port=47019
logpath=/data/logs/mongodb4.log
dbpath=/data/mongodb4

fork=true
logappend=true
maxConns=5000
storageEngine=mmapv1
shardsvr=true

  • 启动实例4,进入路由实例添加新的分片服务器


[root@localhost bin]# mongod -f mongodb4.conf
about to fork child process, waiting until server is ready for connections.
forked process: 52634
child process started successfully, parent exiting
[root@localhost bin]# mongo
MongoDB shell version: 3.2.1
connecting to: test
Server has startup warnings:
2018-09-15T16:00:19.746+0800 I CONTROL [main] ** WARNING: You are running this process as the root user, which is not recommended.
2018-09-15T16:00:19.746+0800 I CONTROL [main]

  • 使用sh.addShard("192.168.30.55:47019")命令添加一个新的分片服务器,再次查看分片信息,发现分片均匀地分布到3个分片服务器上


mongos> sh.addShard("192.168.30.55:47019")         #添加分片服务器
{ "shardAdded" : "shard0002", "ok" : 1 }
mongos> sh.status()                  #查看分片服务信息
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
 shards:
   { "_id" : "shard0000", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47017" }
   { "_id" : "shard0001", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47018" }
   { "_id" : "shard0002", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47019" }
 active mongoses:
   "3.2.1" : 1
 balancer:
   Currently enabled: yes
   Currently running: no
   Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0
   Migration Results for the last 24 hours:
       8 : Success
 databases:
   { "_id" : "school", "primary" : "shard0000", "partitioned" : true }
       school.info
           shard key: { "id" : 1 }
           unique: false
           balancing: true
           chunks:
               shard0000   4
               shard0001   4
              shard0002   3
           { "id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "id" : 4682 } on : shard0002 Timestamp(9, 0)
           { "id" : 4682 } -->> { "id" : 9364 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(9, 1)
           { "id" : 9364 } -->> { "id" : 14046 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(4, 0)
           { "id" : 14046 } -->> { "id" : 18728 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(5, 0)
           { "id" : 18728 } -->> { "id" : 23410 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(6, 0)
           { "id" : 23410 } -->> { "id" : 28092 } on : shard0002 Timestamp(7, 0)
           { "id" : 28092 } -->> { "id" : 32774 } on : shard0002 Timestamp(8, 0)
           { "id" : 32774 } -->> { "id" : 37456 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(8, 1)
           { "id" : 37456 } -->> { "id" : 42138 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 8)
           { "id" : 42138 } -->> { "id" : 46820 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 9)
           { "id" : 46820 } -->> { "id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 10)

  • 使用db.runCommand({"removeshard":"192.168.30.55:47019"})命令可以删除新添加的分片服务器

mongos> use admin          # 注:在admin db下执行命令。
switched to db admin
mongos> db.runCommand({"removeshard":"192.168.30.55:47019"})
{
   "msg" : "draining started successfully",
   "state" : "started",
   "shard" : "shard0002",
   "note" : "you need to drop or movePrimary these databases",
   "dbsToMove" : [ ],
   "ok" : 1
}
mongos> db.runCommand({"removeshard":"192.168.30.55:47019"})
{
   "msg" : "removeshard completed successfully",
   "state" : "completed",
   "shard" : "shard0002",
   "ok" : 1
}

“注意:该命令至少执行两次才能成功删除,执行到state为completed才真正删除,否则就是没有删除成功,该分片处于"draining" : true状态,该状态下不但该分片没有删除成功,而且还影响接下来删除其他分片操作,遇到该状态再执行一次removeshard即可,最好就是删除分片时一直重复执行删除命令,直到state为completed

  • 再次查看分片信息,可以看到分片已删除


mongos> sh.status()
--- Sharding Status ---
 sharding version: {
   "_id" : 1,
   "minCompatibleVersion" : 5,
   "currentVersion" : 6,
   "clusterId" : ObjectId("5b9cbc14b4c77895df796bac")
}
 shards:
   { "_id" : "shard0000", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47017" }
   { "_id" : "shard0001", "host" : "192.168.30.55:47018" }
 active mongoses:
   "3.2.1" : 1
 balancer:
   Currently enabled: yes
   Currently running: no
   Failed balancer rounds in last 5 attempts: 0
   Migration Results for the last 24 hours:
       11 : Success
 databases:
   { "_id" : "school", "primary" : "shard0000", "partitioned" : true }
       school.info
           shard key: { "id" : 1 }
           unique: false
           balancing: true
          chunks:
               shard0000   6
               shard0001   5
           { "id" : { "$minKey" : 1 } } -->> { "id" : 4682 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(10, 0)
           { "id" : 4682 } -->> { "id" : 9364 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(9, 1)
           { "id" : 9364 } -->> { "id" : 14046 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(4, 0)
           { "id" : 14046 } -->> { "id" : 18728 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(5, 0)
           { "id" : 18728 } -->> { "id" : 23410 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(6, 0)
           { "id" : 23410 } -->> { "id" : 28092 } on : shard0001 Timestamp(11, 0)
           { "id" : 28092 } -->> { "id" : 32774 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(12, 0)
           { "id" : 32774 } -->> { "id" : 37456 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(8, 1)
           { "id" : 37456 } -->> { "id" : 42138 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 8)
           { "id" : 42138 } -->> { "id" : 46820 } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 9)
           { "id" : 46820 } -->> { "id" : { "$maxKey" : 1 } } on : shard0000 Timestamp(1, 10)

连接配置服务器查看信息

  • 配置服务器存储了MongoDB数据库集合分片的详细信息,可以通过以下命令查看

mongo --port 37017

configsvr> use config

configsvr> show collections

....
collections
chunks
databases   
....

configsvr> db.chunks.findOne()

configsvr> db.collections.find()

configsvr> db.databases.find()

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